Get This Report on Fence Staining Franklin

An Unbiased View of Fence Staining Franklin


So, maintain in mind these 3 important distinguishing factors to get precisely what you require before you scan each can of timber tarnish. You'll need to learn a bit regarding what you have in your backyard prior to you obtain to using fence stain. Each sort of wood has its own features that can affect the variety of layers, color of stain, and amount of preparation work that'll be required in your task


Cedar: These kinds of woods are best at absorbing oil-based discolor, as their pores are large and soak up discolor promptly. Ash: If your fence is made of oak or ash, you're good to go on either oil or water based discolor!


If you're not exactly sure exactly how to do the prep job, you could finish up with visible laps and early discolor failure. Oil-based discolorations also call for a degree of specialized to use properly, as they are loaded with noxious fumes and combustible solvents. Oil-based discolorations can likewise be a possible source of food for mold and mildew and mold.




Fascination About Fence Staining Franklin


At the end of the day, picking between water-based stain and oil-based stain relies on a selection of aspects one-of-a-kind to your fencing. While fencing discolorations themselves supply many benefits itself, there are specific advantages to watch out for (Fence Staining Franklin). Of course, there are other things you desire to take into consideration concerning your fencing tarnish kind, consisting of the total appearance of your fencing and possibly picking an green alternative.


In the attractive city of Bellevue, where lush landscapes and well-kept residential properties specify the visual, homeowners and residential property supervisors usually look for methods to improve the longevity and appeal of their outdoor areas. One commonly forgot yet critical element of building upkeep is the application of fencing stain and sealer. In this short article, we will explore the relevance of these safety steps, discovering the advantages they offer both the visual and structural facets of your fences.


Stained and secured fences need much less frequent attention compared to unattended wood. The safety finish minimizes the requirement for repair work, conserving home owners money and time in the future. Regular cleansing and a regular reapplication of visite site discolor and sealer are normally all that's required to maintain your fence looking dynamic and structurally sound.




Have you considered utilizing a fence discolor to boost the look of your home and exterior space? The best fence discolor can improve the outside of look here your residential or commercial property, however picking the right color can be an obstacle.




Fence Staining Franklin Things To Know Before You Get This


When picking a fencing stain shade, take your time to consider your choices. Fence spots use numerous advantages for your wood fencing, consisting of avoiding fading and splintering.




Fence Staining FranklinFence Staining Franklin
A great tarnish will certainly work as an added barrier to water, stopping decomposing of the wood. In terms of using the best wood tarnish, you can enhance the grain of certain sorts of timber. Because of the possibility of sunshine showing off your fence instead than directly hitting it, an excellent discolor can potentially lower the UV damages.


You ought to make an initiative to match your fencing stain's shade to the frameworks that are already present in your yard. Considered that your lawn already has some permanent components and you don't have any kind of plans to completely renovate it, there possibly is a leading color in use. Choose a shade that is different but complementary to existing structures like decks, garden beds, outdoor patio furniture, and play ground devices.




Fence Staining Franklin Fundamentals Explained


Additionally, remember that spots can fade in time. Therefore, you should think of whether a less intense variation of the stain you're considering would certainly assimilate well with the various other frameworks in your lawn. This is specifically real for most of the bolder, brighter stain colors, which exhibit more fading.




 


The sort of wood itself also has an influence on exactly how the discolor will appear. Test several colors by using a little Learn More Here example of each on the same kind of timber your fencing is constructed from. If you don't intend to purchase several tarnish colors, you can test them out by just bringing in the exact same sort of timber that your fence is constructed from and apply a little sample of each color on the wood.


In contrast to making your selection in the paint shop, you need to additionally make certain you see exactly how it looks in your own home. Examine the shade in your very own home under daylight to ensure it matches your present fence. The color of your fence tarnish might transform relying on the lighting, so keep this in mind.




How Fence Staining Franklin can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.


Fence Staining FranklinFence Staining Franklin
See to it to examine the examples before you come to a decision. If the fencing you're going to use stain is twisted around and obtains varying amounts of sunshine relying on where it is, you ought to select a shade that isn't excessively conscious lighting so it preserves its shade.

 

Fence Contractor Near Me: Your Trusted Fence Expert

Secure Your Building With Top-Notch Fence Setup



In an age where security is critical, locating means to strengthen and safeguard your residential property becomes not just a necessity but a choice. (Click Here)




Fence Contractor Near MeFence Company Near Me
One crucial element that usually stands in between your home or service and potential trespassers is a well-constructed fencing. Not all fencings are created equivalent, and the high quality of installment can make a considerable difference in the degree of safety and security it gives.


By checking out the advantages of superior fencing setup, understanding the different secure fencing alternatives offered, and identifying the vital factors to think about prior to setup, you can get started on a journey towards guarding your home properly.




Legendary Fence Company MobileLegendary Fence Company Mobile

Advantages of High Quality Fence Installation



Quality fence setup plays a vital function in improving home safety and aesthetic appeals. When thinking about the installation of a fencing, deciding for high quality craftsmanship offers countless advantages. First of all, a well-installed fence gives a clear limit for your home, improving and deterring burglars safety and security measures. It serves as a physical obstacle, avoiding unapproved access and potential trespassing.


Additionally, a skillfully mounted fence can add to the total aesthetic appeals of your property. Whether going for a contemporary, streamlined appearance or a more standard feeling, the right fence can match and boost the aesthetic allure of your surroundings.


Furthermore, top quality fencing installation guarantees toughness and long life. Properly installed fences are developed to stand up to numerous weather and external pressures, decreasing the need for regular repair services or substitutes. This not just conserves cash in the lengthy run however additionally supplies tranquility of mind recognizing that your property is well-protected.




Sorts Of Secure Fencing Options



Effective residential or commercial property safety and security involves not only quality workmanship in fencing installment however likewise the choice of suitable fencing options that supply boosted protection actions. There are a number of types of secure fencing choices to think about when it comes to securing your property. One preferred option for enhanced protection is steel fence, such as steel or light weight aluminum, recognized for its toughness and resistance to tampering. These kinds of fences provide a solid physical barrier that can deter burglars efficiently.


These fences are not just tough to breach yet also offer a solid barrier against unwanted gain access to. For buildings calling for an extra visual allure while keeping security, ornamental iron fencing can be a suitable choice.


For those looking for personal privacy and security, wood secure fencing can be an excellent alternative. With the appropriate layout and elevation, wood fences can avoid visibility into your home while adding a natural seek to your environments. Inevitably, the option of fence will depend on your specific protection demands and visual preferences.




Factors to Consider Prior To Setup



Before continuing with the installment of a fence, it is necessary to very carefully assess and consider numerous necessary elements that will influence the general outcome and capability of the fence system.


Firstly, specifying the function of the fence is critical. Whether it is for safety, privacy, aesthetics, or a mix of these elements, recognizing the key goal will assist in selecting one of the most appropriate kind of fence.


Second of all, think about the local laws and acquire any essential permits prior to installation to stay clear of potential lawful issues.


In addition, assessing the ecological factors such as soil surface, type, and environment will help establish the sturdiness and upkeep requirements of the fencing.


Spending plan is another important factor to consider as it will certainly affect the material choice, style intricacy, and installation costs.


Finally, speaking with professionals or seeking suggestions can give valuable insights and make sure the secure fencing task meets your expectations. Click Here. By carefully considering these elements, you can make educated choices and safeguard your residential or commercial property successfully




Expert Fencing Installment Refine



The installment of a fencing by experts includes a meticulous and systematic process to ensure architectural integrity and visual allure. The specialists will certainly carry out an extensive evaluation of the home to figure out the design and dimensions for the fencing. This step is important in preparing the installation procedure and making certain that the fence meets the residential or commercial property proprietor's demands and regional policies.


Once the format is completed, the installation group will begin by preparing the location where the fence will certainly be set up. This includes getting rid of any type of obstacles, leveling the ground, and noting the accurate areas for the fencing posts. The following step entails setting the posts firmly into the ground, guaranteeing they are lined up correctly and at the proper depth for security.




Click HereFence Contractor Near Me
Complying with the installment address of the blog posts, the specialists will then attach the fence panels or boards, thoroughly complying with the fixed format. Focus to information is vital throughout this stage to make certain an attire and aesthetically enticing outcome. Ultimately, the group will examine the entire fence, making any needed changes to assure its longevity and capability. This methodical approach to specialist fencing setup guarantees a premium final product that enhances both the security and aesthetics of the property.




Upkeep Tips for Longevity



To make certain the durability of your fencing and protect its capability and appearance, normal maintenance is essential. Begin by inspecting the fencing regularly for any type of signs of damage, such as loosened boards, rust, or leaning articles. Addressing these problems promptly can stop Read Full Article more damage and expand the life of your fence.


Additionally, think about using a safety sealer or paint to wood fences to shield them from the aspects and preserve their integrity. In the case of metal fences, check for corrosion and apply a rust-resistant covering as needed.




Trim any kind of plants that may be trespassing on your fencing to stop wetness accumulation and damage. By adhering to these upkeep suggestions, you can guarantee that your fencing continues to be protected, attractive, and useful for many years to come.




Verdict



Finally, quality fencing installation supplies many advantages for safeguarding your building. With different secure fence options readily available, it is vital to consider aspects such as material, elevation, and style before installment.


Employing a specialist for the setup procedure guarantees correct placement review and durability. Normal maintenance of your fencing will assist to maintain it in top condition for several years to come.


Quality fencing installment plays a vital duty in enhancing building safety and security and appearances. When thinking about the installment of a fencing, opting for high quality workmanship offers various advantages.In addition, high quality fencing installment guarantees toughness and long life.Effective home protection involves not only quality craftsmanship in fence setup yet also the choice of proper fence alternatives that supply boosted security measures.The installation of a fence by professionals involves a careful and methodical procedure to make sure structural stability and aesthetic appeal.

 

Boost Your Building's Allure with legendaryfencecompanycoeurdalene.com

Develop a Distinct Home With Customized Fencing Installation



Legendaryfencecompanycoeurdalene.comLegendaryfencecompanycoeurdalene.com
When it concerns establishing a tailored and distinctive setting for your home, the importance of an individualized strategy to fence setup can not be overemphasized. By thoroughly picking materials, layouts, shades, and completes that reverberate with your individual style and enhance the design of your home, you have the possibility to develop a really one-of-a-kind space that establishes your residential or commercial property apart. However, the procedure entails greater than just the physical elements of the fencing itself; it also includes the mixing of capability with visual attract attain a harmonious equilibrium. Let's discover how a tailored fencing setup can change your building into a sanctuary that shows your individuality and boosts your everyday living experience.




Benefits of Personalized Fencing Installment



The advantages of selecting personalized fence installment extend past simple aesthetic appeals to include improved performance and security. You have the possibility to customize the design to fulfill your certain needs and choices when you select a customized fencing. This modification can consist of the choice of materials, height, design, and extra features such as gateways, locks, and safety systems


One of the crucial benefits of personalized fencing installation is boosted safety and security. Deliberately a fencing that fits your residential or commercial property flawlessly, you can discourage burglars and keep your household and belongings secure. Additionally, tailored fences can be furnished with advanced safety attributes like motion-sensor lights or alarm systems, further fortifying your property.


Furthermore, tailored fencings can boost the functionality of your outside room. Whether you require a fencing for privacy, to include pet dogs, or to develop boundaries, a tailored layout can guarantee that the fence meets its intended purpose properly. Overall, choosing customized fencing installment offers a blend of style, performance, and protection that boosts the value and allure of your home.




Picking the Right Fence Products





Choosing proper materials is pivotal in guaranteeing the sturdiness and performance of your chosen fencing layout. When it pertains to choosing the right fencing products, several factors require to be thought about to guarantee that your fence not just complements your home aesthetically but additionally serves its desired function successfully.


One of the essential factors to consider is the level of upkeep you are eager to embark on. Wood fencings provide a classic and all-natural appearance but call for regular upkeep such as staining or paint to safeguard them from the components. legendaryfencecompanycoeurdalene.com. On the other hand, plastic fencings are low-maintenance and very sturdy, making them an exceptional choice for house owners looking for a convenient choice


Another vital element to take into consideration is the climate in your location. For regions with extreme climate condition, such as hefty rainfall or extreme sunshine, metal fencings like light weight aluminum or steel may be better as a result of their durability versus harsh aspects.




Legendaryfencecompanycoeurdalene.comFence Company Near Me
Inevitably, the best fence product will rely on your certain needs, spending plan, and aesthetic choices. By very carefully considering these variables, you can select the materials that will certainly best fit your personalized fencing installation.




Designing a Custom Fence



When embarking on the development of a custom fence, mindful interest to create details is vital to accomplish a tailored and practical exterior space. Creating a personalized fence includes a thoughtful procedure that considers both visual allure and practicality. Begin by determining the purpose of the fence - whether it's for protection, privacy, or simply attractive reasons. This will assist the total design and material options.




Fence Contractor Near MeFence Company Near Me
Think about the style of your home and outside location when making the fence to ensure it enhances the existing architecture and landscaping. Customized fences use limitless layout possibilities, from conventional picket fencings to modern-day geometric patterns. In addition, including personalized aspects such as ornamental blog post caps, latticework panels, or unique paint colors can add a touch of individuality to your fence.


Additionally, think of the upkeep needs of various products and pick one that matches your way of life. Whether you choose timber, plastic, steel, or composite materials, selecting a low-maintenance and long lasting choice view it will ensure your personalized fencing stays in top condition for years to find. By concentrating on design details and functionality, you can develop a custom fence that enhances the beauty and personality of your home.




Including Special Colors and Surfaces



To raise the individualized style of a custom-made fencing, checking out distinct colors and coatings can instill uniqueness and character into the outdoor room. Choosing unusual shades like vibrant blues, lively reds, or perhaps streamlined blacks can make a striking declaration. These tones can complement the general aesthetic of the home or stand out as a focal point. Additionally, finishes such as matte, shiny, distinctive, or metallic finishings can add deepness and visual interest to the fencing.


When selecting colors and surfaces, it's important to take into consideration the existing landscaping, building design of the home, and personal preferences. Balancing the fencing with the surroundings can develop a cohesive look, while selecting different elements can produce an aesthetically dynamic impact. Moreover, exploring with various color mixes or mixing surfaces can better enhance the originality of the fencing.




Including Decorative Components



Enhancing the visual charm and beauty of a custom fence includes incorporating attractive elements that raise its aesthetic appeal and total layout sophistication. Decorative aspects play a crucial duty in changing a fencing from a plain border pen to a statement piece that enhances the charm of your residential or commercial property. One preferred means to include attractive components is via the use of ornamental article caps. These caps not just include a touch of elegance yet additionally function as safety components for the blog posts, protecting against water damages and extending their lifespan.


One more way to enhance your fence is by including attractive panels. These panels can feature complex styles or patterns that reflect your individual style and complement the total style of your home. Furthermore, incorporating lattice or trellis panels can present a sense of visibility useful site while still giving personal privacy. Moreover, go to this site embellishments such as finials, scrolls, or custom-made ironwork can add a touch of individuality and class to your fence, making it a real reflection of your personality and taste (Click Here). By thoughtfully incorporating these decorative aspects, you can develop a aesthetically spectacular and truly customized fencing that sets your home apart.




Verdict



Finally, personalized fence setup uses countless advantages such as raised privacy, curb, and safety and security charm. By selecting the right products, creating a custom fence, including one-of-a-kind shades and surfaces, and including attractive aspects, home owners can produce a really unique and personalized home outside. It is important to very carefully intend and perform the fence setup process to make sure a cohesive and aesthetically pleasing result.


Whether you require a fence for personal privacy, to contain animals, or to establish boundaries, an individualized layout can guarantee that the fencing meets its intended objective effectively.Think about the design of your home and outside location when developing the fence to ensure it enhances the existing design and landscaping. Custom fencings provide countless style opportunities, from typical picket fences to modern-day geometric patterns. By focusing on design details and functionality, you can develop a custom-made fencing that enhances the appeal and personality of your home.


By choosing the ideal materials, making a customized fence, adding special colors and surfaces, and including attractive aspects, homeowners can develop a absolutely special and personalized home exterior.

 

Excitement About Fence Staining Nashville Tn

Excitement About Fence Staining Nashville Tn


The advantages of pre-stained fence materials are numerous. Certainly, the tarnish remains in area at setup, all set to serve as an obstacle versus the components right from the begin, protecting the wood from sunlight and rainfall damage - Fence Staining Nashville TN. Second, the stain aids to avoid staining and fading, maintaining your fence looking brand-new for years


By selecting a pre-stained fencing product, you can appreciate these benefits without fretting concerning also much maintenance. Pre-stained fencing has a number of advantages that make it an excellent option for any home. Probably one of the most obvious benefit is that it gets rid of the need to tarnish the fencing after it's been installed, and it doesn't need as much upkeep as stainless secure fencing alternatives.


Pre-stained fencing is less likely to discolor with time, implying it will continue to look great for years ahead. This can save you a great deal of money and time over time. Whether you're searching for a low-maintenance choice or an one-of-a-kind design, pre-stained secure fencing materials are worth thinking about.




Fence Staining Nashville Tn Can Be Fun For Anyone


Fence Staining Nashville TNFence Staining Nashville TN
Because of this, tarnished fences need much less maintenance and look much better much longer. If you're looking for a fencing that will certainly withstand the aspects and proceed to look fantastic for years, think about pre-stained secure fencing kinds. Pre-stained lumber is more immune to UV damages and fading, retaining its original color for longer.


Plus, you will not have to purchase as much wood discolor as you would certainly with a fence that didn't come pre-stained; since it does not need as much maintenance, you normally won't require to get tarnish as often. At Shur-Way, we're specialists in fence modification and helping you develop them yourself. We can assist you discover fence setup services by directing you to trustworthy secure fencing service providers.


We strive for friendly service and durable fence products. Whether you're aiming to change your whole fencing or you just require a couple of boards for fence repair work, we can help you get there. Give us a call and examine out our website; we'll be your best secure fencing pros.




The 8-Second Trick For Fence Staining Nashville Tn


Our whole lot has to do with 1. 5 acres so this has actually been a significant job. We desired a much more modern looking fencing that matched our design and decided to select a horizontal design fence. I'm so happy we did see here now since we love exactly how it transformed out! We employed a professional to construct the fence for us and currently it is our turn to stain it! Today, I'm sharing my It's no trick that I do my reasonable share of functioning with timber stain, yet this was the very first time I have actually done a job of this dimension.


Whenever we do a large project such as this, I like to share my experience with you and talk about what worked, what didn't and what I would certainly do in different ways (Fence Staining Nashville TN). Discoloring our fencing this summer season was a big priority for a few distinction factors, 1) offers it a polished look and 2) it secures it from the rain and other weather


Below is what our fencing looked like before. Typically, you desire to let your fence dry out for at the very least 24 hours prior to you stain it.




4 Easy Facts About Fence Staining Nashville Tn Explained




Similar to any task I deal with, choosing the perfect color can in some cases be the hardest component. When working on a fencing, it's truly important that you obtain a tarnish that is particularly created discoloring a deck or a fence. We opted for a YOURURL.com Semi-Transparent All Weather Fence/Deck Discolor with an integrated in acrylic sealant.


I could discriminate from just using my typical stain that I utilize on furnishings and DIY Projects. I've really never ever utilized a paint sprayer to tarnish previously so this was a little of a knowing experience. It took us a couple of times to find our groove and uncover what functioned best for us in terms of the setups on the sprayer.


We located that servicing three rows at a time functioned best. We used a light spray setup and stood about 12-18 away. You likewise intend to spray with the grain of the timber. My spouse would spray and then I would swiftly adhere to with a discoloration brush and work the discolor right into the wood.




The smart Trick of Fence Staining Nashville Tn That Nobody is Discussing


Fence Staining Nashville TNFence Staining Nashville TN
The timber taken in the stain super-fast, so if we really did not work it in immediately we were left with places. These were less noticeable once we applied the 2nd coat, however you still want to take care. There were times when we would obtain overspray onto areas that we weren't working on, like the image above.


It actually helped to have two people brushing at the exact same time. This is just to show you what a distinction 2 layers of tarnish make! The 2nd coat just includes a lot richness. When we used the 2nd coat, we would do one lengthy brush stroke to view it now end up off each panel.




 


Currently it's time to landscape in front of the fence! Maybe that will have to wait until next year:-RRB- This is a sponsored conversation composed by me on part of Real Value. Save, Conserve Hi!




Some Known Factual Statements About Fence Staining Nashville Tn


If water grains create on the slats, lightly sand the slats in the direction of the timber grain. Water efficiently passing through the slats, though, indicates that your wood fencing can easily soak up the tarnish. Tidy the fence with water from a high-pressure spray nozzle connected to a yard pipe (or make use of a power washer).


If using a power washing machine, go with a low-powered unit running at no even more than 2,000 psi so as not to weather the wood slats. Ensure to allow the timber dry completely before proceeding. Get a professional to do it for you, Get cost-free, no-commitment price quotes from pro painters near you.

 

The Buzz on Tm Fencing, Llc

All About Tm Fencing, Llc


If you're setting up the fencing in an especially rough or hilly location, labor expenses may be greater. A 150-linear-foot fencing will certainly take about 20 hours to finish. Price for materials ultimately comes down to the kind of fence you want.


Vinyl fences call for marginal maintenance. To have a vinyl fencing set up, it sets you back $10 to $40 (CAD 13 to CAD 54) per straight foot.




Commercial Fencing Near MeFence Repair Wichita Ks


Steel fences are typically made of light weight aluminum or steel. Metal fencings are likewise vulnerable to corrosion, however normally require little upkeep.




Not known Factual Statements About Tm Fencing, Llc


Residential Fencing Near MeFence Companies In Wichita Ks
You'll additionally desire to have a land study done to ensure your fencing lies entirely on your residential property. Flat surface as well as soft dirt are optimal for fence setup.




Fence Company Wichita KsFence Repair Wichita Ks
You'll need to take down your old fence as well as clear the ground before installing a brand-new one. This raises the complete job price. You can secure the old fence on your own to save money. The majority of fences require entrances. Depending upon the height, style and also material of the gateway, the cost of installation will certainly differ.




 


Fence installation is a labor-intensive task. Your contractor, if you pick to work with one, will certainly dig blog post openings, put up articles and also established them in concrete.




The Buzz on Tm Fencing, Llc


Prior to you begin, examine your neighborhood building ordinance to ensure you're allowed to set up the type as well as height of fencing you desire.


Residence, Expert reports that, typically, property owners spend between $1,743 and also $4,431 for a brand-new fencing installation, with a national average of $3,059. Fencing installment expenses between $13 as well as $25 per linear foot generally. Wood fencings set you back less than metal fences, but many home owners like a low-maintenance vinyl fencing, also.


House owners can expect materials and labor per comprise 50 percent of the total expense to install a fencing. The dimension of the area being fenced will certainly likewise affect the rate, so think about gauging the location. If the site being fenced is not without particles or there are a great deal of rocks or origins in the soil, it might cost even more to properly dig openings for the fencing articles.




Indicators on Tm Fencing, Llc You Need To Know


It stands to reason that the bigger the size of the fence, the extra labor and also materials will be required to install it. This will naturally cause a greater fencing installation price per foot. It is generally cheaper to surround a country yard than a huge swath of land.


It deserves home owners noting that a pool fence, which sets you back around $6,500, might need to fulfill a particular elevation requirement in order to be up to code. A much shorter fencing is most likely to be much less pricey, but it won't give as much privacy and also security as a 6- or 8-foot one.


Home owners will desire to consider whether they want to include attractive functions when budgeting for fence installationthe more intricate the view publisher site layout, the greater the total cost will be. A few of these choices will certainly be determined by the product. For instance, it would be feasible to clothe up a wooden fencing with a lattice top or paint finishes, but these options don't exist for a chain-link fencing.




An Unbiased View of Tm Fencing, Llc


Labor rates vary based on the fencing material and also how much job it takes to set up the fencing blog posts. The typical fencing installment cost for labor is in between $30 and $80 per hr, as well as most pros can finish 150 to 200 direct feet within 20 to 35 hrs. The ordinary expense of fencing setup is commonly higher in more rural locations given that products and workers should be transferred from further away.


If a fence is located in an area that's hard to reach, there may be added charges for area blockage. https://www.edocr.com/v/bw7jqa7b/scotttobin67201/tm-fencing-llc. Prices might additionally differ based on the area of the nation.


These products come at a higher rate factor, yet a backyard's relatively little square video can keep expenses down. On a bigger residential or commercial property, a fencing may be erected to establish home lines or keep livestock or various other pets consisted of (Fencing Wichita KS). While these fencings will always be a lot longer, they are often made from economical materials such as barbed cord.




Everything about Tm Fencing, Llc


A competent fencing builder will certainly know if regional building codes need an authorization to build a fencing. There may be constraints pertaining to the height of the fencing or the products used.

 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15